Thalidomide was marketed in the UK in 1958 as a treatment for insomnia and morning sickness. Found to be safe in animal trials, but never tested on humans, it was launched in 46 countries before its terrible legacy was revealed by The Sunday Times. The drug’s German manufacturer, Grünenthal, received thousands of reports of its effect on the developing foetus, yet consistently denied any link. By the time it was finally withdrawn in the early 1960s, it had killed 100,000 babies in the womb, and a further 10,000 were born severely disabled.
The medical historian Hans Ruesch described “10,000 children – but probably many more – born throughout the world as phocomelics, deformed, some with fin-like hands grown directly onto the shoulders, with stunted or missing limbs, deformed eyes and ears, ingrown genitals, absence of a kidney or lung, a great many of them stillborn or dying shortly after birth.
Parents under shock, mothers gone insane, some of them driven to infanticide?” It is impossible to imagine how these parents managed; around half of the affected babies died during their first year of life, and those who survived received precious little help.
Some were abandoned by parents too traumatised to cope, or sent to special boarding schools. They were issued with painful, ill-fitting false limbs to make them look more “normal”, and well-meaning surgeons removed fingers and toes for cosmetic reasons, removing what little dexterity they had.
About 3,500 “thalidomiders” survive around the world, 457 in the UK. Depending on their disability, UK victims receive an average of £18,000 a year from Diageo (formerly Distillers), the UK licensee of thalidomide. But in Germany, where the drug was called Contergan, the original settlement from Grünenthal wasn’t index-linked and ran out years ago. Despite the German government doubling its contribution, victims still receive only around £7,000 each. In Italy, Spain and Austria, there is no payout at all.
Guy Tweedy and Nick Dobrik formed the International Contergan Thalidomide Alliance (ICTA) and are leading a worldwide campaign to win around a million euros over 10 years, index-linked, for each of the surviving victims, many of whom are now beginning to suffer new problems associated with their disabilities.
They are a fearsomely independent bunch, raised to do what they can for themselves rather than ask for help, but those who have relied on their mouths and teeth all their lives are beginning to suffer dental and cranial problems; the discs in their backs are crumbling and they are losing the use of overworked hands. “Everyone assumed we’d be dead by the time we were 25,” says Tweedy, now 46. “We’re still here, but we’re all falling to bits and we need more help.”
Dobrik, a former accountant, is the figures man, while Tweedy describes himself as someone “who knocks down doors till I get what I want”. All the thalidomiders have an almost holy reverence for the Harold Evans-era Sunday Times Insight team, who, when a derisory compensation sum was offered by Distillers in the late 1960s, took their story to the European Court of Human Rights, changing the law on contempt of court in the process. The first in a series of articles appeared in September 1972, under the headline “Our Thalidomide Children: A Cause for National Shame”. It took nine months, and cost the newspaper thousands of pounds in legal fees and lost advertising revenue, but it led to a new compensation agreement with Distillers in 1975, a deal that has been updated several times since.
Marjorie Wallace, now head of the charity Sane, who wrote the original articles, has kept in touch with many of the families. “When I first met the children at 9 and 10 years old, people believed they’d be in institutions for the rest of their lives,” she says. “If I took a child to a cafe, people would leave. They couldn’t bear to look at these armless, legless bodies. In April this year, thousands of survivors from all over the world marched on the German embassy in London, and it was the most phenomenal experience. I met the children and grandchildren of the children everyone had written off as a lost generation.”
Thalidomide @ 50, an exhibition by the artist Kathryn Rennie, is at City Hall, London SE1, October 1-20
2 comments:
This is sad. I remember this-it is a good example too, why animal testing does not work, and why the Mother's Act, forcing pregnant women to take strong anti-depressants when carrying is an atrocity. These poor people-they should sue the pharmachuetical companies for ruining their lives.
I was lucky that I only had a few days of morning sickness with both of my pregnancies. I worked for a veterinarian in Oklahoma. The only time that I ever had an issue was when one particular woman came in. This woman smelled like a combination of a very dirty catbox and a serious lack of a shower. I could not be in an exam room with her. I could handle surgeries. All of it. I never needed any drugs to control my morning sickness.
I wish that I had more information on that side of my family.
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